Which of the following phenomena is characterized by the descent of cool air after it has been heated over land?

The phenomenon characterized by the descent of cool air after it has been heated over land is a land breeze. During the night, land cools down faster than water bodies due to their different specific heat capacities. As the land becomes cooler, the air above it also cools, leading to higher pressure over the land compared to the water. This pressure difference causes the cooler, denser air to move from the land towards the water, creating a land breeze.

Understanding this contrast in cooling rates is essential in evaluating how breezes operate, especially in coastal areas, as it highlights the interaction between land and water temperatures. The other options either pertain to different mechanisms or describe atmospheric conditions that do not involve the cooling and descent of air in the same manner as a land breeze.