Which of the following is a characteristic effect of frost on aircraft?

Frost on aircraft surfaces has a significant impact on flight performance, primarily by disrupting the airflow over the wings. The presence of frost creates an irregular surface, which can lead to changes in the lift characteristics of the wing. This disruption can cause a reduction in the wing's ability to generate lift, leading to a potential increase in stall speed and a corresponding decrease in overall aircraft performance.

When airflow is disturbed, it may separate from the wing’s surface at lower angles of attack, which can result in reduced control and increased drag. The aerodynamic efficiency of the wings is compromised, which is critical for safe flight operations, especially during takeoff and landing where reliable lift is essential.

In contrast, other options do not accurately reflect the characteristics of frost. For example, frost does not improve takeoff distance or increase visibility; instead, it generally hinders both. Likewise, frost adds weight to the aircraft, contrary to the idea that it decreases weight.