At what altitude do gradient winds typically occur?

Gradient winds are associated with the balance between the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis force, acting in a geostrophic balance where the wind flows parallel to isobars. This phenomenon typically occurs at higher altitudes, away from the influences of surface friction and topography, which predominantly affect wind patterns near the ground.

Above 2000 feet Above Ground Level (AGL), the effects of surface friction are considerably diminished, allowing for a more consistent and directed flow that aligns with the pressure gradients in the atmosphere. This is why gradient winds are generally observed at altitudes above this threshold.

In contrast, below 1000 feet AGL, winds are strongly influenced by surface conditions—land features, friction from buildings and trees, and thermal effects—leading to turbulence and wind patterns that do not follow the general geostrophic balance characteristic of gradient winds. Similarly, between 1000 and 2000 feet AGL, while there may be indications of gradient wind behavior, the influence of ground-level factors is still significant enough to prevent the establishment of true gradient winds. Hence, the correct altitude for observing gradient winds is at heights above 2000 feet AGL.